Photonic Technology in Root Canal Treatment: A Critical Review of Laser Applications for Disinfection, Surgery, and Pain Management
R Sumukh Bharadwaj
*
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, JSS Dental College and Hospital JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Laser technology has profoundly transformed dental practice, offering new horizons for precision, disinfection, and minimally invasive treatment. In endodontics, lasers have been explored for their ability to improve root canal cleaning, disinfection, and healing through photothermal and photoacoustic mechanisms. This review comprehensively discusses the principles, mechanisms, clinical applications, and limitations of various laser systems used in endodontics, including Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, and diode lasers. Literature evidence suggests that lasers significantly enhance bacterial reduction and smear layer removal compared with conventional irrigation systems. However, challenges such as high cost, potential thermal damage, and the need for operator expertise persist. Despite limitations, the integration of laser-assisted disinfection and irrigation activation represents a significant advancement toward predictable endodontic success.
Keywords: Endodontics, laser disinfection, Er:YAG laser, diode laser, PIPS, SWEEPS, smear layer removal